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For years the singles competitors were judged on compulsory figures and two free skating programs. The compulsory-figures category required each skater to perform repetitions of 3 figures drawn from a possible 41 patterns, which were judged according to a skater's precision, balance, control, and gracefulness in retracing the figure.
In the International Skating Union eliminated the compulsory figures from singles competition. Both men and women skaters must perform a shorter technical program with specific required moves, and a longer, more creative free skate. The skaters are judged on their ability to perform jumps, spins, spirals, and to skate a program coordinated with music. There has been a trend toward more athleticism in free-skating events, adding more complicated and daring jumps.
Pairs competitions are similar to singles, in that they are judged on shorter technical and longer free-skating performances. In pairs skating, the same jumps, spins, and twirls as in the singles events are used, along with lifts and partner-assisted jumps.
The partners must remain in unison as they perform their routines. Ice dancing differs from pairs skating in that lifts are prohibited and specific movements required. Ice dancers must perform two compulsory dances and an original dance, all to predetermined music or rhythms. The longer free dance uses more interpretive steps, as well as creative moves. Ice figure skating was popularized by Sonja Henie, who won numerous amateur competitions before turning professional in Dick Button, Peggy Fleming, and Dorothy Hamill also toured with ice revues after illustrious amateur careers.
The typical ice show is similar to a circus on ice skates and features costumes, trick skating, and gags to entertain the audience rather than to display true figure-skating expertise. Speed Skating. Formal competitions are usually held outdoors on large rinks. The skaters race two at a time, competing against the clock. Men who participate in major international meets may enter five events: m 1, ft , 1, m 3, ft , 1, m 4, ft , 5, m 16, ft , or 10, m 32, ft.
Women also may compete over five courses: m, 1, m, 1, m, 3, m 9, ft , and 5, m. Men's speed skating, as traditionally, remains dominated by Americans, Russians, Norwegians, and the Dutch. In women's speed skating, American, German, Dutch, and Japanese women have dominated in recent years. Short track speed skating takes place on a small rink with very tight curves. The skaters compete against each other in groups of four, rather than against the clock, with heats to eliminate slower skaters.
Men and women both compete at m and 1, m; the women's relay is at 3, m, while the men's relay is 5, m. The skaters wear helmets, gloves, and knee and elbow pads to prevent injury, and the skates are taller than regular speed skates, to prevent the boot from touching the ice when the racer leans sharply in the curves.
Short track speed skating was first included in the Winter Olympics in the Games at Albertville. Bibliography: Bezic, S. A third reason for that characteristic curl?
Until the 18th century, ice skating was simply ice skating. But the Little Ice Age , which started around the 13th century and continued into the 19th, led to a period of particularly cold winters, and newly cheap, mass-produced ice skates, which launched the wintertime ice-travaganza into popularity.
The activity soon became more specialized—and so did the equipment. In , Englishman Robert Jones penned A Treatise on Skating , which is considered the first account of figure skating by Encyclopedia Britannica , marking a split between what would become speed and figure skating.
Near the end of the 19th century the American ballet dancer Jackson Haines adapted his techniques for ice dancing, and is widely considered the father of figure skating. The 20th century brought the toe pick, the jagged edge on the front of the figure skate that enables skaters to push off of the ice for jumps. Meanwhile, skate makers also began to construct skating blades as long and thin as possible for speed and transportation.
When it comes to speed skates, blade length matters. That results in a smoother glide. In the 20th century, skates became what we know today. Old strap-on skates gave way to boots with screwed-in blades, allowing skaters to move more easily and safely, and also take fewer strides over a distance. In addition, the blades of these skates are twice as long as those of the 13th century, but improvements in technology and materials have allowed for lighter and more efficient skates.
The answer has a little to do with chemistry, and a lot to do with history. Researchers are still pondering the future of the figure skate. In , a team at the University of Delaware developed a figure skating boot with a hinged ankle, which was originally designed with injury prevention in mind. Biomechanics experts estimate that when figure skaters land those jumps, they hit the ice with a force five to eight times their body weight.
The hinged ankle allows skaters to dissipate that force over a longer period of time and a greater range of motion. The hinge may lead to another unintended advantage: potentially higher jumps.
And a higher jump means more time in the air—which presents the opportunity for more rotations, perhaps unlocking the door to the much-anticipated quintuple jump.
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